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Two different areas of Antarctica tell two very different stories about how climate change might be affecting ice melt. The data appear to confirm that climate change impacts can be very local.
By Pete Spotts,?Staff writer / April 16, 2013
An inflatable boat carries tourists past an iceberg along the Antarctic Peninsula. The peninsula appears to be significantly affected by climate change.
Andrew Halsall/Aurora Expeditions/AP/File
EnlargeSince the early 1990s, glaciers draining Antarctica's vast ice sheets have dumped ice into the ocean at an an eye-popping rate.
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Now, two new studies of ice cores from different parts of the continent are yielding important clues as to why the loss rates have been so high.
On the Antarctic Peninsula, global warming appears to be taking a direct toll. Glaciers are melting mainly from the top down. The peninsula is losing land ice in the summer at a rate unmatched in the past 1,000 years.
For the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, one of two vast continental sheets, losses also have been relatively large. There, however, floating ice shelves that form the seaward end of glaciers are melting from the bottom up. Today's losses are comparable to those that have occurred a few other times over the past 2,000 years. The authors say that for now, the evidence points to the extended reach of naturally shifting climate patterns in the tropical Pacific as driving the losses.
At first blush, the two might appear to be at loggerheads. Instead, researchers suggest, the two highlight how, as on other continents, the intensity of global warming's impact at the bottom of the world depends on location, location, location. And both point to the challenge researchers still face in forecasting the future of the continent's ice chest in a warming climate.
Each in its own way "provides guidance on projecting the future of sea-level rise," notes Richard Alley, a glaciologist at Penn State University in University Park, Pa., who was not a participant in either study.
Researchers have a keen interest in trying to understand and project ice losses in Antarctica, as well as on Greenland, with global warming. Previous studies have shown that since 1992, the loss of ice from polar caps is raising sea levels by an average of about 0.59 millimeters a year.
The West Antarctic Ice Sheet alone could boost sea levels an average of 10 feet if it melts ? an increase that would occur over hundreds to thousands of years, notes Eric Steig, a researcher at the University of Washington who led one of the two research efforts.
Between 1992 and 2011, the peninsula lost ice at rate of 20 billion tons a year, according to a study published last November in the journal Science. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet lost 65 billion tons a year, and the East Antarctic Ice Sheet ? the continent's largest ? lost 14 billion tons a year, although the uncertainties in that number are so large the loss could just as well have been nothing.
The Antarctic Peninsula is an extended arm of land that last shook hands with the southern tip of South America roughly 235 million years ago when the two continents drifted apart. It's mountainous and extends into the Southern Ocean to some 250 miles above the Antarctic Circle.
"In some ways, it's a climate oddity," writes Robert Mulvaney, a researcher with the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) and a member of the team formally reporting its results on the region's ice Sunday in the journal Nature Geoscience, in an e-mail. Relatively warm westerly winds, laden with with ocean moisture, blow across the peninsula. So it tends to be warmer than the mainland and experiences higher snowfall rates.
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Call it ?terrorism? if a label helps you make sense of this madness. Find who did it and squash him?or them?with what President Obama called ?the full weight of justice.? But in the broad scheme of things, such loose ends matter less than this: Life in America changed with the Boston Marathon bombings?again, and as with past attacks, for the much worse.
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Now that we have entered a new financial year, it makes sense to think about where you invest your hard earned money. If you have had a pleasant surprise with an income tax refund then you may be in an indulgent mood, by investing in your home you can indulge in a manner which will reap financial rewards.
Currently, the housing market is not at its healthiest, meaning you are unlikely to receive your home?s maximum value. Therefore, instead of moving up the property ladder, you can invest your savings in making upgrades which will pay off when you decide to sell. Location is key, if your home is in a good position and surrounded by higher value properties, it?s time to make some changes.
Loft Conversion
A growing family could mean that you are on the lookout for a bigger home. You can, however, satisfy your need for room without the financial costs off moving now. Adding an extra bedroom will help accommodate your growing clan, and add a significant amount to the value of your home.
You could plan a ground floor extension, but this will take time, require permission , cause disruption throughout the whole house and may not be worth the investment.
A more cost effective way is a loft conversion. This requires just a simple survey to ensure the building is structurally sound, and may not even need permission. Costing around ?20,000, and taking a matter of weeks with minimal disruption, it will easily add this onto the value of your home.
Kitchen & Bathroom
It is unlikely that you spent most of your time in these two rooms, however, your estate agent will tell you that these are the two most important. Tired looking units give an impression of uncleanliness and will turn buyers away, by upgrading you can add value and make your home easier to sell.
If these rooms are looking very lived-in, a basic refit will do wonders for your home?s value. You can have this done for around ?15,000, which will return the investment with interest.
New ?Windows
Rising fuel bills mean that it makes more sense than ever to spend on energy efficiency. A new set of A-rated windows will brighten up your home and take a large bite out of your heating bill, saving you hundreds of pounds in the long term.
Buyers also love energy efficient homes so, like new kitchen and bathroom units, they will make your home far easier to sell while increasing its value. Depending on the size of your home, this will cost around ?2,000 and easily add this amount to your home?s value.
The best upgrade for you depends on your home and its location, every property has a ceiling price so getting the opinion of an estate agent will help you make the right decision.
Author Bio: Joe is a blogger for Force8 doors and windows who writes about property, home improvement, interior design and green living.
Source: http://dfoolonthehill.com/smart-projects-for-your-home/
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'For me to suggest that violation be brought to a woman is one of my biggest mistakes and regrets,' Ross says after losing Reebok deal.
By Rob Markman
Rick Ross
Photo: Johnny Nunez/ WireImage
Source: http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1705563/rick-ross-rape-lyric-apology.jhtml
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It's common knowledge that manufacturers hold back on tuning every last ounce of performance from their engines. It's also fact that factory authorized tuners like Volvo's Polestar offer four-figure software tweaks that not only boost horsepower and torque, but have also been known to increase fuel economy, to boot.
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Keen to broaden the accessibility of their "M" branded performance division, BMW now offers an M Performance Power Kit software upgrade for 2012 335i sedan and 335i xDrive sedans which the manufacturer says was "developed through consultation by the engineers at BMW M GmbH,"?and elevates horsepower from 300 to 320, which improves the 0-60 mph time by .2 seconds. Torque rises 17 lb-ft to 317 lb-ft on manual-equipped cars, and 32 lb-ft on autos. Not mentioned on the 3-series spec sheet is what BMW calls a "highly-emotional 'exhaust burble' sound during engine overrun conditions." The $1,100 price tag doesn't include installation from BMW dealers, which the manufacturer says retains the 4 year/50,000 mile warranty that comes with the car when new.
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While Mercedes-Benz has been known to charge up to $9,000 on "Performance Packages" for AMG models which essentially increase turbocharger boost, up the top speed, and add a limited slip differential, BMW's tactic introduces their "M" mentality onto non-M cars in a manner that echoes their optional "M Sport" treatment which adds zippier wheels, suspension, and bodywork for $3,200. BMW's software upgrades will surely attract buyers seeking a quick, relatively cheap hit of power, but it also might signal a bigger D.I.Y. trend of consumers wondering how they can extract more power from their bottled up engines themselves, without having to pay the proverbial piper.
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